Why does water entering the airways cause death within a few seconds?

Water entering the airways can lead to death, but it typically does not cause death within a few seconds; it usually takes a longer time for a fatal outcome to occur. However, water entering the airways can quickly lead to a situation known as drowning, which can be fatal if not promptly addressed. When water enters the airways, it can cause the following cascade of events:

1. Laryngospasm: The initial entry of water into the airways can trigger a reflex called laryngospasm, where the vocal cords spasm and close to prevent water from entering the lungs. While this acts as a protective mechanism, it also stops the person from breathing.

2. Panic and struggle: The inability to breathe can induce panic, and the person may struggle, which further depletes oxygen reserves in the body and can lead to the inhalation of more water.

3. Asphyxiation: If water reaches the lungs, it can disrupt the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, leading to asphyxiation—when the body is deprived of oxygen, causing unconsciousness and, ultimately, if not reversed, death.

4. Water in the lungs: Water in the lungs (pulmonary edema) can damage the lung tissue, making it difficult or impossible for the lungs to provide oxygen to the blood.

5. Secondary effects: Secondary effects of drowning, such as cardiac arrest due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen), may also contribute to the severity and fatality of the incident.

Immediate emergency response, including removing the person from the water and initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), is crucial to maximize the chances of survival.