Who led resistance movements against European expansion?

Numerous individuals led resistance movements against European expansion in various parts of the world. Here are some notable figures who stand out for their roles in opposing European colonialism:

1. Africa: - Samori Ture: A prominent leader in West Africa who fought against French colonial forces in the late 19th century. - Menelik II: Emperor of Ethiopia who successfully defended his country against Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. - Shaka Zulu: Leader of the Zulu Kingdom in southern Africa, known for his military tactics and resistance to British colonialism.

2. Asia: - Nguyen Trung Truc: A national hero in Vietnam who resisted French colonialism. - Tatya Tope: A leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British East India Company. - Diponegoro: A Javanese prince who led a rebellion against Dutch colonial rule in the Java War from 1825 to 1830.

3. North America: - Tecumseh: A Shawnee leader who attempted to unite various Native American tribes against American expansion into their territories. - Chief Joseph: Leader of the Nez Perce tribe who resisted displacement by the U.S. government and attempted to lead his people to Canada.

4. South America and the Caribbean: - Toussaint L'Ouverture: A key leader in the Haitian Revolution, which was the first successful slave revolt leading to Haiti's independence from France. - Simon Bolivar: A military and political leader who played a key role in the independence of several South American countries from Spanish rule.

5. Oceania: - Koitubu: Chief of one of the largest tribes in Fiji who resisted British colonial administration.

These individuals, among many others, led various forms of resistance, including armed conflict, political negotiation, and organizing uprisings to preserve their land, culture, and freedom from colonial powers.