Which branch of Earth science is most likely to focus on the formation of rocks and minerals?

The branch of Earth science that is most likely to focus on the formation of rocks and minerals is called geology. Geology is the study of the Earth, its substances, its history, and the processes that act upon it. Geologists, the scientists who work in this field, investigate rock formations and the natural processes that have led to their current state. The specific sub-discipline within geology that deals with the study of rocks is petrology, and the study of minerals is known as mineralogy.

Geology encompasses a variety of areas and can be divided into several other branches:

1. Petrology: This is the study of rocks. Petrologists examine the origin, composition, and structure of rocks, understanding how they are formed, what they are made of, and how they change over time.

2. Mineralogy: This is dedicated to the study of minerals – natural compounds with a defined chemical composition and crystal structure. Mineralogists study the physical and chemical properties of minerals.

3. Paleontology: This branch focuses on the study of fossils and ancient life forms preserved in rocks. It provides significant information about the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

4. Stratigraphy: This branch deals with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering. It's important for understanding the chronological sequence of geological events.