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The English Revolution, often referred to as the English Civil War or the English Revolution, took place during the mid-17th century. The primary period of the revolution stretches from 1642 to 1651. It involved a series of armed conflicts and political maneuverings between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers). The war ended with the trial and execution of King Charles I in 1649, the exile of his son, Charles II, and the rise of Oliver Cromwell's Commonwealth. It was a key period in the development of the modern British constitution and the transition from absolute monarchy to a parliamentary democracy.
The English Civil War is a complex historical event that led to significant changes in political power in England. The causes of the war were rooted in constitutional conflicts between the monarchy and the Parliament, religious disputes, and financial issues. The war itself is divided into three main parts: the First Civil War (1642–46), the Second Civil War (1648–49), and the Third Civil War (1649–51). It ultimately led to the establishment of a republic known as the Commonwealth of England (1649–53) and subsequently the Protectorate (1653–59) with Oliver Cromwell and later his son Richard Cromwell as the de facto heads of state. The monarchy was eventually restored in 1660 with the coronation of Charles II. This period of upheaval had profound effects on British society, shaping the nature of government and the relationship between the monarchy and its subjects. It also laid the groundwork for the later Glorious Revolution and the eventual establishment of a constitutional monarchy.