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On April 13, 1919, the violent incident known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre took place in Amritsar, Punjab, India. On that tragic day, British troops led by Colonel Reginald Dyer fired on a peaceful gathering of thousands of unarmed civilians, including men, women, and children, who were assembled at Jallianwala Bagh, a public garden. The crowd had gathered to protest against the arrest and deportation of two national leaders, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, and to celebrate the Punjabi New Year, Baisakhi.
Colonel Dyer had the only exit to the garden blocked and ordered his troops to begin shooting without warning or any order to disperse. The firing continued for approximately ten minutes, resulting in the death of at least hundreds, with estimates ranging from British official figures of 379 killed to more than 1,000, according to Indian nationalists, with over 1,200 wounded.