how thermal energy tends to spontaneously flow?​

Thermal energy tends to spontaneously flow from regions of higher temperature to regions of lower temperature. This natural process is described by the second law of thermodynamics, which states that heat, or thermal energy, will always flow from areas of higher temperature to areas of lower temperature until thermal equilibrium is reached.

The key principles related to the spontaneous flow of thermal energy are:

1. Heat Transfer Methods:

• Conduction: The transfer of heat through direct contact between particles. In a solid, for example, heat flows from the hotter end to the colder end through the vibration and collision of adjacent particles.
• Convection: The transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). Warmer, less dense fluid rises, and cooler, denser fluid sinks, creating a circulation pattern that transfers heat.
• Radiation: The transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves. This method does not require a medium and can occur through a vacuum. The Sun's energy reaching the Earth is an example of thermal radiation.

2.Entropy and Disorder:

• The second law of thermodynamics is often expressed in terms of entropy, which is a measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. Heat tends to disperse and increase the entropy of a system.
• In a closed system, spontaneous processes lead to an increase in total entropy. The flow of heat from hot to cold regions is one such process.