Biology

Consider a cross between a plant heterozygous for the dominant traits of red flowers and wrinkled seeds (RrWw) and a plant homozygous for the recessive traits of white flowers and smooth seeds (rrww). We see the following phenotypic distribution in the offspring: - 43 with red flowers and wrinkled seeds - 7 with red flowers and smooth seeds - 9 with white flowers and wrinkled seeds - 41 with white flowers and smooth seeds The recombinant offspring are those exhibiting a combination of traits not found in either parent. This would be the 7 offspring with red flowers and smooth seeds (Rrww) and the 9 with white flowers and wrinkled seeds (rrWw). We identify these as recombinants because they display a mix of the dominant and recessive phenotypes for flower color and seed texture, which must result from crossing-over during meiosis in the heterozygous parent that leads to a new combination of alleles. Prior to crossing-over during meiosis, the heterozygous parent’s chromosomes would carry alleles configured as: - One chromosome with R (red flowers) and W (wrinkled seeds) - The homologous chromosome with r (white flowers) and w (smooth seeds) After crossing-over, the chromosomes could have segments swapped, leading to new combinations, such as: - One chromosome with R (red flowers) and w (smooth seeds) - The homologous chromosome with r (white flowers) and W (wrinkled seeds) The recombination frequency is calculated by adding the number of recombinant offspring and dividing it by the total number of offspring, then multiplying by 100 to get a percentage: Recombination frequency = (Number of recombinant offspring / Total number of offspring) × 100 Recombination frequency = ((7 + 9) / (43 + 7 + 9 + 41)) × 100 Recombination frequency = (16 / 100) × 100 Recombination frequency = 16% Since 1 map unit (m.u.) is equivalent to a 1% recombination frequency, the distance between the genes for flower color and seed shape is approximately 16 map units.

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