Why might the First and Second Estates oppose change?

The First and Second Estates in pre-revolutionary France had several reasons to oppose change.

1. Privileges and Exemptions: Members of the First Estate (the clergy) and the Second Estate (the nobility) enjoyed numerous privileges, including exemptions from many taxes. For instance, the taille, which was one of the common taxes of that time, was typically not paid by the First and Second Estates. Changes that aimed at reforming the tax system could have threatened these financial benefits.

2. Status and Power: Both of these estates held significant social and political status. The nobility had feudal privileges which included the right to collect certain taxes from the Third Estate (commoners) and hold judicial powers on their lands. Clergymen also had a great influence over the populace and maintained control in educational and charitable institutions. Any change to the status quo could diminish their power and influence within society.

3. Conservatism and Tradition: The First and Second Estates were primarily conservative, valuing tradition and the established hierarchy that positioned them above the Third Estate. They were often resistant to change because it could mean an overhaul of social order and possibly losing their esteemed positions.

4. Economic Interests: Many nobles had economic interests tied to the old feudal and agrarian system, where they benefited from the work of peasants. Change that aimed at industrializing the country or redistributing land would not be in their economic interest.

5. Fear of Instability: There might have also been a genuine concern that changes could lead to social upheaval, weaken the nation, or place the country at the mercy of foreign powers.

Overall, the First and Second Estates typically had much to lose from any change that would level the social and economic playing fields, as they largely benefited from maintaining the status quo.