Why is the use of overhead sprinklers for irrigation inefficient?

The use of overhead sprinklers for irrigation is considered inefficient for several reasons:

1. Evaporation: When water is sprayed into the air, a significant amount can evaporate before it ever reaches the ground, particularly on hot or windy days. This leads to a waste of water.

2. Runoff: Overhead sprinklers often apply water faster than the soil can absorb it, especially if the ground is hard or compacted. This can result in water runoff, where water flows away from the area that needs it, potentially causing soil erosion and water waste.

3. Non-uniform Distribution: Sprinklers may not distribute water evenly, leading to areas that receive too much water (which can cause waterlogging and plant root issues) and areas that receive too little (leading to drought stress for plants).

4. Watering Non-Target Areas: Sprinkler systems may also water areas that don't need irrigation, such as pathways, buildings, and non-vegetated zones, thereby wasting water.

5. Wind Drift: When it's windy, water can be carried away from the intended area, which leads to uneven irrigation and further inefficiencies.

6. Susceptibility to Damage: Overhead sprinkler systems are often exposed above the ground, making them more susceptible to damage from vehicles, vandalism, or playing children.