Which approach to leadership focuses on the characteristics the leader​ possesses, rather than on how he or she acts or responds towards​ subordinates?

The approach to leadership that focuses on the characteristics the leader possesses, rather than on how he or she acts or responds towards subordinates, is known as the "Trait Approach" to leadership. This theory proposes that individuals are born with certain traits that make them good leaders. It is sometimes referred to as the "Trait Theory of Leadership" and emphasizes the personal attributes or qualities a leader has. These characteristics may include intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability.

Extra: The Trait Theory of Leadership was one of the earliest attempts to explain leadership in a systematic and consistent manner. This theory emerged from research that examined leaders who were considered successful to determine what qualities they possessed that non-leaders or less successful leaders did not have. Over time, researchers compiled lists of traits that seemed to be associated with leadership, suggesting that people who possessed a proper combination of these traits were more likely to assume leadership roles and be effective leaders.

However, it's important to note that the Trait Approach has its critics. One of the main criticisms is that it assumes that leadership is a one-size-fits-all proposition, not taking into account that different situations may require different types of leadership. Moreover, the Trait Approach tends to neglect the importance of the leader's interactions with team members and the context in which leadership is enacted.

Leadership studies have evolved since the era of Trait Theory, giving rise to other theories that take into account behaviors, situational context, the role of followers, and even the dynamic process of leadership itself. Some of these theories include the Behavioral Approach, Situational Leadership Theory, Transformational Leadership, and Transactional Leadership, each offering a different perspective on what makes an effective leader.