What were the driving factors behind the Age of Revolution?

The Age of Revolution is a period that spans roughly from 1775 to 1848 during which a number of significant revolutionary movements occurred on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean in Europe and the Americas. The driving factors behind the Age of Revolution were multifaceted and interrelated. Here are some of the main factors:

1. Enlightenment Ideas: The Age of Enlightenment had introduced new thoughts on the role of government, the rights of individuals, and the concept of social contracts. Philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote about the rights to life, liberty, property, and the idea that governments should serve the people.

2. Economic Disparities: During the 18th century, economic inequalities were stark and growing. The wealth generated by overseas trade and colonial exploitation was concentrated in the hands of a small elite, causing resentments among the emerging middle class and the impoverished lower classes.

3. Absolutism and Monarchy: The domination of absolutist monarchies in Europe often caused frustrations due to their centralized power and resistance to reform. Many people yearned for political statuses that included broader representation and accountability.

4. Nationalism: Rising nationalist sentiments encouraged people to seek self-determination and the establishment of nation-states that reflected shared cultural, linguistic, or ethnic identities.

5. American Revolution: The American Revolution (1775-1783) was a successful example that a revolution could lead to the creation of a new and more representative form of government. This inspired many in Europe and Latin America to follow suit.

6. Fiscal Crisis: Many governments were in debt due to extravagant spending and costly wars. The fiscal crisis weakened the authority of states and forced them to impose taxes and reforms that were often unpopular with the masses, leading to unrest.

7. The Success of Previous Revolts: Success in early revolts gave confidence to others that change was possible. For instance, the French Revolution was influenced by the American Revolution and would, in turn, inspire others.

8. Military Conflicts: Continuous military conflicts spread revolutionary ideas, as well as war-weariness and desire for change among the population.

All of these factors, along with specific local conditions, contributed to an era of widespread revolutionary fervor.