What is the difference between national liberation movements and terrorism?

National liberation movements and terrorism are terms that describe very different types of actions and ideologies, although they can sometimes intersect, which leads to debates over their definitions.

National Liberation Movements are political and military struggles of people striving for independence, self-determination, and the establishment of a nation-state for their national group, especially against foreign domination or oppressive government. These movements are generally considered legitimate within the context of international law when they are aimed at achieving rights recognized under international standards, such as the right to self-determination.

Examples of national liberation movements include the struggle of the Indian subcontinent against British colonial rule or the efforts of the African National Congress (ANC) against the apartheid regime in South Africa. These movements often seek international recognition and support, basing their struggle on the legality of seeking self-determination and forming an independent state.

Terrorism, on the other hand, refers to the use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes. Terrorism is characterized by attacks on civilian targets, intended to spread fear and panic within a population. The goal of terrorism is not necessarily tied to the creation of a new state or the liberation from foreign rule; instead, it can relate to a variety of political, ideological, or religious objectives.

Terrorist acts are generally condemned by the international community, as they violate the principles of international humanitarian law, especially the protection of civilians during hostilities. It is important to note that the term "terrorism" is often used subjectively, and one group's “terrorist” could be another's “freedom fighter,” depending on the perspective.