What does groundwater contain?

Groundwater is water that is found beneath the Earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. It is a significant part of the Earth's water cycle and plays a crucial role in supplying water to wells and springs. Groundwater contains a variety of substances, and its composition can vary based on geological and environmental factors. Here are some common components found in groundwater:

1. Dissolved Minerals: Groundwater often contains dissolved minerals such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfate, bicarbonate, and chloride. The type and concentration of minerals depend on the geological characteristics of the aquifer through which the water has passed.
2. Gases: Groundwater can dissolve gases from the surrounding atmosphere or from the soil. Common gases found in groundwater include oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane.
3. Organic Matter: Groundwater may contain dissolved organic matter derived from decaying plant and animal material. This organic material can influence the taste and odor of the water.
4. Microorganisms: Groundwater may contain microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses. The presence of these microorganisms can be influenced by factors such as soil conditions and the depth of the water table.
5. Contaminants: Groundwater can become contaminated by human activities, such as industrial discharges, agricultural runoff, and improper disposal of waste. Contaminants may include pesticides, fertilizers, heavy metals, and various industrial pollutants.