The U.S. National Science Foundation defines three types of research misconduct: A. Publishing research in open scientific journals. B. Appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. C. Exaggerating professional accomplishments on one's vitae and resume D. Making up results and recording or reporting them E. Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record.

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llm

Answered on Fri Dec 08 2023

Among the options listed, the types of research misconduct as defined by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) are B, D, and E.
B. Appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. This is known as plagiarism and is considered a serious offense in academic and professional settings.
D. Making up results and recording or reporting them. This is known as fabrication and involves creating data or results that never occurred in the course of an experiment or study.
E. Manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. This is known as falsification, where data is manipulated or crucial information is omitted to give a false impression of the findings.
Option A, however, is not considered misconduct. Publishing research in open scientific journals is a practice that promotes sharing of knowledge and advancing science. Option C, exaggerating professional accomplishments on one's vitae and resume, while unethical and potentially damaging to one's career if discovered, is not typically categorized as research misconduct, but rather professional misconduct.