Name two underground organizations established by Giuseppe Mazzini ​

Answer: Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian nationalist and patriot, was instrumental in the push for Italian unification and was a proponent of republican ideals. He established several underground organizations to promote these causes. Two of the most significant were:

1. Young Italy (Giovine Italia) - Founded in 1831, Young Italy was a secret society formed to create a united, independent, republican nation in Italy, free from foreign control and conservative rulers. Mazzini believed in mobilizing the young people of Italy to lead a revolution for the creation of a democratic republic.

2. Young Europe (Giovine Europa) - After the creation of Young Italy, Mazzini went on to establish Young Europe in 1834. This was an even more ambitious secret organization, aimed at spreading the ideals of national independence, liberty, and unity across the European continent. Young Europe sought to encourage the formation of other national organizations similar to Young Italy, targeting not only Italian unification but also the transformation of European political structures.