how Mandal Commission report was implemented in India​

The Mandal Commission report was implemented in India through a series of steps which were highly contentious and led to significant political and social upheaval. Here are the steps and processes through which the recommendations of the Mandal Commission were put into action:

1. Formation of the Mandal Commission: The Mandal Commission, formally known as the Socially and Educationally Backward Classes Commission (SEBC), was established in India in 1979 under the Janata Party government led by Prime Minister Morarji Desai. It was headed by B.P. Mandal.

2. Delivery of the Report: The Commission was tasked with identifying the socially or educationally backward classes of India. It submitted its report in 1980, which recommended that members of Other Backward Classes (OBC) be granted 27% reservations in civil posts and services under the Government of India. This was on top of the existing 22.5% reservation for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST).

3. Lack of Immediate Action: The recommendations of the Commission were initially not implemented, as the government changed and there was significant resistance to the proposed reservations.

4. Implementation under the V.P. Singh Government: The turning point came in 1990 when the National Front government, led by Prime Minister V.P. Singh, decided to implement the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. On August 7, 1990, V.P. Singh announced in a televised address to the nation that the government would provide 27% reservations for OBCs in government jobs.

5. Implementation Process: Following the announcement, the government issued an Office Memorandum to enforce the Mandal Commission’s recommendations, which led to a series of legal challenges and public demonstrations.

6. Supreme Court Verdict: The case reached the Supreme Court of India, and ultimately, in the landmark Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India case in 1992, the court upheld the 27% reservation for OBCs with certain conditions, including the exclusion of the "creamy layer" (the relatively advanced members of the OBCs) from the reservations.

7. Rollout across India: After the Supreme Court verdict, the reservations were gradually implemented across various central government services. Many state governments also began to implement similar measures.

8. Impact on Education: Eventually, the reservation policy was extended to higher education institutions. This inclusion led to an additional phase of protests and legal challenges, which were also addressed in court.

The implementation of the Mandal Commission report significantly altered the reservation landscape in India and has been a subject of political and academic debate ever since.