How has our understanding of the Constitution evolved over time?

Our understanding of the Constitution has evolved over time through various means, including judicial interpretation, legislation, and societal changes.

1. Judicial Interpretation: The judiciary, especially the Supreme Court of the United States, plays a critical role in interpreting the Constitution. Landmark cases such as Marbury v. Madison, which established the principle of judicial review; Brown v. Board of Education, which declared racial segregation in schools unconstitutional; and Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized same-sex marriage, have all contributed to the evolving understanding of the Constitution's provisions.

2. Amendments: The Constitution has been formally amended 27 times since its adoption in 1787. Each amendment has clarified or expanded the rights and responsibilities outlined in the original document. For instance, the 14th Amendment extended the protections of the Bill of Rights to the states, ensuring all citizens equal protection under the law.

3. Legislation: Congress has passed laws that have shaped the interpretation and application of the Constitution. For example, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed discrimination and enforced constitutional rights at a legislative level.

4. Societal Changes: Social movements and changing public opinions can lead to shifts in how the Constitution is applied. Issues like women's suffrage, civil rights, and LGBTQ+ equality have seen fundamental shifts in Constitutional understanding through activism and public discourse.

5. Executive Actions: Presidents sometimes take actions that can influence our understanding of constitutional powers and limits. Examples include the issuing of executive orders or the use of veto power.

Overall, while the text of the Constitution remains the same, its application and interpretation have been dynamic, responding to the needs and values of a changing nation.