fetal exposure to drugs increases risks for all the following except: a) premature birth b) learning disorders c) increased birth weight d) developmental problems

Fetal exposure to drugs increases risks for a variety of negative outcomes, but not all of these are increased.

Among the options you've given, the risk that is generally NOT increased by fetal exposure to drugs is c) increased birth weight. Fetal exposure to drugs is more commonly associated with low birth weight rather than increased birth weight. Therefore, the correct answer is c) increased birth weight.

Extra: The prenatal period is critical for the development of the fetus, and exposure to drugs during this time can lead to a host of complications, both at birth and later in life. Here is a closer look at the effects mentioned:

a) Premature Birth: Drugs can interfere with the development of the placenta or cause stress on the mother's body, leading to preterm labor. Premature infants often have underdeveloped organs and are at higher risk for health issues like respiratory distress syndrome and infections.

b) Learning Disorders: Exposure to drugs can affect brain development, leading to cognitive deficits, learning disabilities, and behavioral issues. The specific effects can vary widely depending on the drug, the timing, and the duration of exposure.

c) Increased Birth Weight: In contrast to the other outcomes, increased birth weight is not typically a consequence of drug exposure. In fact, the opposite is often true; many drugs, especially those that are illicit or abused, can lead to restricted growth in the womb and low birth weight.

d) Developmental Problems: Drugs can disrupt the development of fetal organ systems, leading to physical, cognitive, and emotional developmental delays. These problems may be apparent at birth or become evident as the child grows and may require long-term medical and educational interventions.