Bumper-to-bumper traffic on free public roads, a(n)_____good, is an example of the_____. a. non-excludable; free-rider problem. b. non-excludable; tragedy of the commons. c. excludable; free-rider problem. d. excludable; tragedy of the commons.
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Bumper-to-bumper traffic on free public roads, where it's difficult to exclude individuals from using the road and the congestion affects everyone, is an example of:
b. non-excludable; tragedy of the commons.
The roads are non-excludable because it's challenging or practically impossible to prevent people from using them. However, when everyone uses the roads freely without considering the impact on others (such as congestion in this case), it aligns with the concept of the tragedy of the commons. In this scenario, the shared resource (the roads) is depleted or congested because individuals act in their self-interest without considering the collective impact, leading to an overall negative outcome.