As umayyad rule gave way to abbasid rule, who tended to lose the most rights

As Umayyad rule gave way to Abbasid rule, it was the non-Arab Muslims and the mawali (non-Arab converts to Islam) who tended to see an improvement in their rights and status. The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE) favored Arab Muslims, often treating non-Arab Muslims as second-class citizens. With the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 CE), there was a shift to a more inclusive approach that gave non-Arabs more equitable treatment. Therefore, one could argue that it was the Arab elites who lost relative privileges that they enjoyed under the Umayyad regime, as the Abbasids reduced the ethnic inequalities that had been present.

The Abbasids championed the idea of an Islamic community based more closely on religious adherence rather than Arab ethnicity. Consequently, the Abbasid period is noted for its cultural diversity and inclusiveness, which ultimately led to a flourishing of culture and science known as the Islamic Golden Age.