(a) Describe how light energy is converted to chemical energy and stored in carbohydrates in plants. (b) Suggest how conditions in a glasshouse can be controlled to ensure the maximumgrowth of the plants.​

(a) Conversion of Light Energy to Chemical Energy in Plants:

Photosynthesis: Plants convert light energy into chemical energy through a process called photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts: Chloroplasts, primarily found in plant cells, contain chlorophyll pigments that capture light energy.

Light-dependent reactions: In the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light-dependent reactions use light energy to split water molecules, releasing oxygen and creating energy-rich molecules like ATP.

Calvin Cycle (Light-independent reactions): In the stroma of chloroplasts, the Calvin Cycle uses the ATP and captured carbon dioxide to produce glucose (carbohydrates).

(b)Controlling Conditions in a Glasshouse for Maximum Plant Growth:

Temperature Control

Daytime: Maintain optimal temperatures (varies for different plants but generally between 20-25°C) for photosynthesis.

Nighttime: Provide controlled heating to prevent temperature drops that might hinder plant growth.

Light Management:

Use artificial lighting to supplement natural light, ensuring plants receive adequate light for photosynthesis.

Implement shading during intense sunlight to prevent overheating.

Humidity Regulation:

Maintain optimal humidity levels to prevent water loss through transpiration and ensure efficient nutrient uptake.

Ventilation:

Ensure proper air circulation to prevent the buildup of excessive heat and maintain a consistent supply of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.

Watering and Nutrient Supply:

Implement a controlled irrigation system to provide consistent water supply.

Monitor and control nutrient levels in the soil or hydroponic system to support plant growth.

CO2 Enrichment:

Increase carbon dioxide levels during daylight hours to enhance photosynthesis.

Pest and Disease Control:

Implement measures to prevent and control pests and diseases to ensure plant health.

Monitoring and Automation:

Use sensors and automation systems to monitor and control environmental factors, ensuring they stay within optimal ranges.

By carefully managing these conditions, a glasshouse can create an environment that maximizes plant growth and facilitates the efficient conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates through photosynthesis.